Lab+4+DNA

1. Tropoisomerase This enzyme initiates the unwinding of the super coiled DNA by clipping the DNA backbone.
 * EXERCISE 1. DNA REPLICATION**

2. Helicase This enzyme separates the double strand by "melting" the hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together. It requires energy (in the form of ATP ).

3.Primase This enzyme makes a short **RNA** segment (called a primer) that is complementary to the DNA strand at specific sites. It "primes" for DNA replication because it provides an - OH for DNA polymerase to attach the first DNA nucleotide. The RNA primer is later removed and the gap is filled in with DNA nucleotides.

4. DNA Polymerase This is the multifunction enzyme that binds to one side of the DNA and a. guides nucleotides to bond with their complementary pair (A with T and G with C) b. forges the covalent bonds of the backbone between the sugars and phosphates

5. Ligase This enzyme forges covalent bonds of the backbone between the sugars and phosphates. It does this where there is a gap, like when the RNA primer is removed.

Courtesy of Dayran Mazigan DNA extraction from wheat germ
 * EXERCISE 2. DNA EXTRACTION**

1. Nucleic acid stain because sensitivity is high and background is low wich has and oucome of florecence. @http://www.licor.com/bio/applications/odyssey_applications/dna_staining.jsp 2.AMRESCO is a viual vilolet DNA which maximizes transformation effecientcy by eliminating ultraviolet induced cleavage of DNA fragments.@http://www.amresco-inc.com/home/products/new-products/Visual-Violet-DNA-Stain.cmsx 3. Here is a Lab on how to find DNA through staning a root onion tip. @http://www.execulink.com/~ekimmel/central/dna_lab.htm
 * Proof that it is actual "DNA"**

Courtesy of Dayran Masigan
 * EXERCISE 3. MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS**
 * Mitosis**
 * Meiosis**